Oestrogen levels - After menopause, there is a period of rapid bone loss due to oestrogen deficiency. Some women may also lose bone before menopause if they have infrequent periods or lack of normal amounts of oestrogen
Drugs - Many drugs may affect bone density, such as glucocorticoids, thyroid hormone, heparin, and certain diuretics
Diet - A low calcium diet for many years or chronic malabsorption of calcium is associated with lower bone density
Exercise - Lack of bone building exercise, such as walking or running
Smoking - Smoking prevents the deposition of bone, and is associated with lower bone density in men and women
Alcohol - Two or more alcoholic drinks a day have been shown to have the same effect on bone as smoking
Some factors - specifically related to CD - may increase the risk of bone loss and require careful assessment. These include:
- Late or delayed diagnosis of CD in adult life
- Lapses from the gluten-free diet
- Persistent villous atrophy
- Lactose intolerance
- Low BMI
Many of the above problems may result in chronic malabsorption of foods with calcium. Article courtesy of Coeliac UK