Diagnosis
If kidney stones are suspected it is important to be assessed by a doctor as soon as possible to avoid the possibility of damage to the kidneys. A physical examination by a doctor and a urine test may indicate the presence of kidney stones. Also, an ultrasound scan and a plain abdominal X-ray are usually done in order to confirm the diagnosis. Occasionally a special X-ray using contrast or dye may need to be performed.Treatment
Occasionally there is no need for treatment other than pain relief and plenty of fluids as stones can be passed naturally. However if the stones are too large to pass, the pain is excessive, there is evidence of kidney damage or infection, treatment is necessary.Stones can be removed by:
- Ureteric stone removal: A tube is passed up into the ureter through the bladder and the kidney stones are removed.
- Percutaneous nephrolithotomy: A tube (nephrostomy tube) is inserted directly into the kidney through the skin, and the stone is removed this way. Often the nephrostomy tube is left for a couple of days to ensure the kidney is working well and there is no evidence of infection.
- Lithotripsy (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy): High-energy shock waves are used to shatter the stones. The stones can then be flushed out or left to drain naturally.
Prevention
Once there has been a kidney stone, there is an increased likelihood of reoccurrence. Prevention may include an increase in fluid intake, up to 2 litres per day is recommended, and some adjustment in diet. Foods with a high calcium, oxalate or salt content should be taken in moderation. A referral to a dietitian may be advised. Sometimes it is necessary to manage specific conditions with medication.(published with permission in writing from:http://www.southerncross.co.nz)
